Kevin Meagher is Chief Technology Officer, Power Analytics Corporation, where he leads the company’s technology development and strategy as well as critical strategic relationships in emerging technologies.
KEVIN MEAGHERPower Analytics
It’s no doubt you already know that, with ambient temperatures reaching 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit, four times higher than the temperature of the sun’s surface, the results of Arc Flash are rarely less than devastating.
Reasons Why Arc Flashes Are Generated
Generally, there are three main causes of arc flashes:
- Human error - unsafe work procedures, maintenance mistakes, and mishandling tools, wires, and metal covers;
- Negligent preventive maintenance - not checking for loose termination, allowing dust and debris build-up (critical in medium voltages and higher), and not testing stored energy (e.g., spring-operated bolted pressure switches); and
- Improper electrical equipment/system design - incorrect modifications or using legacy equipment that doesn’t meet current arc flash standards
These create numerous opportunities to cause a flash and just as many opportunities to misunderstand how to prevent it. Though forewarned should mean forearmed, a number of "legends" and un-truths abound when it comes to assessing a facility for and preventing arc flash hazards (AFH). Here’s my Top 10 List of the ugliest fallacies that persist in our industry today:
1. Arc flash explosions do not happen… I have never seen one! Seriously? We hope you never will see an arc flash accident. Unfortunately, electrical work by its very nature is dangerous due to the high energy levels involved and, until an accident occurs, electricity is odorless, colorless, and invisible. As an electrical worker, you’ve chosen the third most dangerous profession, according to OSHA. In its article “The Danger of Arc Flash,” July 2009, Fire Engineering magazine said arc flash, “kills two workers a day, every day, year in and year out” and often these accidents "may occur when you perform routine maintenance" so, the likelihood that you will complete your career un-victimized or without knowing an arc flash victim is quite slim.
2. NFPA-70E is the standard governing arc flash – Well, not really. It’s really about reducing live work by de-energizing a circuit first and putting it in an electrically safe condition before starting to work.
3. AFH labeling equals compliance with NFPA-70E - To work on any energized equipment above 50 volts, an energized work permit is required. A work permit is critical and cannot be bypassed by a simple labeling system. Employers and management are directly responsible for work permitting, safety programs, training and planning. Article 400.11 Flash Protection states: "Switchboards, panel boards, industrial control panels, and motor control centers that are in other than dwelling occupancies and are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized shall be field marked to warn qualified persons of potential electric arc flash hazards. The marking shall be located so as to be clearly visible to qualified persons before examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment." In essence, the Article warns qualified workers of potential danger — it doesn’t give anyone authority or consent to work on energized equipment simply because he or she has complied with the PPE requirements label.
4. Arc flash analysis is simply panel labeling - Arc flash analysis is about hazard reduction. It is NOT merely PPE or wardrobe selection.
5. Assessing equipment under 240 volts from a transformer rated below 125 kVA isn’t necessary - OSHA regulations and NFPA-70E standards mandate all equipment operating at 50 volts and higher must be tested for electrical shock and potential AFH. IEEE 1584 states, “Equipment below 240 V need not be considered unless it involves at least one 125 kVA or larger low-impedance transformer in its immediate power supply.” But this only refers to incident energy calculations. Employers are responsible for assessing all equipment operating at 50 volts and higher for other dangers, including shock and overload conditions, which may cause fire, electrocution, or other hazards.
6. Regular infrared scans of equipment rule out doing an arc flash analysis - Arc flash can be caused by equipment failure or loose connections, but most injuries are caused by human error and will only be avoided through regular analysis of equipment, work practices, and safety training programs.
7. Beyond the Motor Control Center (MCC), it isn’t necessary to check equipment for AFH - Just because the MCC is the final access point of power for motor loads, doesn’t mean there isn’t a need to assess other loads, which are fed from it.
8. Current-limiting fuses reduce most AFH – These don’t thoroughly address the duration component of arc flash. A current-limiting fuse will mitigate AFH only if the fault current is high enough.
9. There's no AFH if there's no exposed, energized conductors or circuit parts – For most equipment, the probability of an arc flash may be very low, but it’s certainly not impossible. Inserting or removing draw-out circuit breakers, bus plugs and MCC buckets can cause an arc flash where, normally, is no perceived hazard — “normally” operating electrical equipment has been known to fail.
10. Downstream arc flash hazards are always less violent than upstream arc flash hazards – run a full assessment, up and downstream, don’t stop at hazard level 1 or 2 and be the one who finds out the hard way that this dead wrong.
Using Good Design to Reduce Arc Flash Hazard (AFH)
Three key factors may determine the intensity of an arc flash harm on you:
- The quantity of fault current available in your system
- The time until an arc flash fault is cleared
- Your distance from an arc
A variety of choices in design and equipment configuration can be made that affect these factors and reduce the incidence of AFH.
The best arc flash and fault analysis programs are based on the test results in IEEE-1584 and on the recommendations of NFPA-70E. These programs can identify the grade of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) clothing required by operators and create warning signs for electrical equipment stating the PPE required when working near energized equipment. These programs should calculate quickly and accurately the effects of flowing faults in three-phase, single-phase and DC power distribution systems.
Equipment Integration
Reducing your need to open that cabinet may be one of the best ways to reduce the incident of arc flash in your facility. People open cabinets for lots of reasons but, typically, it’s because they don’t know what’s going on in there. You may know there’s a problem; maybe you are getting an alarm or a circuit has tripped. But what if you could get that information, automatically, without opening the cabinet?
By linking your equipment — motors, drives, switchgear, to a communications network architecture, you can monitor and pull diagnostic data, perform trend and root-cause analyses, and see potential problems before sending an electrician into the plant to deal them. Over time, this could mean your workers are opening electrical cabinets less often. This data may not stop arc flash, but you can organize and manage your power infrastructure in such a way that you will significantly reduce your exposure to potential hazard.
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